Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
| Preposition | Time | Place |
| In | Year, Month, In 1999, In December | Country, State, City In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei |
| On | Day, Date On Saturday, On May 1 | Street On Main Street, On 1st Ave. |
| At | Time At 8:00, At 7:30 | Address At 815 East Main Street |
| Attic | People store things in the attic. |
|---|---|
| Ballroom | A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held. |
| Box Room | A small room used for storage. |
| Cellar | Underneath the house. |
| Cloakroom | A small room where people put their coats. |
| Conservatory | A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants. |
| Dining Room | A room where people eat. |
| Drawing Room | A room in stately homes where rich people entertain. |
| Games Room | A room in large houses where games are played. |
| Hall | The entrance passage to a house. |
| Larder | A small room used for the storage of food. |
| Library | A room where books are kept. |
| Lounge | Another name for living room. |
| Music Room | A room where people play music. |
| Office | A room where people work. |
| Pantry | A small room used to store kitchen and dining items. |
| Parlour | Old fashioned word for living room. |
| Sitting Room | Another name for living room. |
| Spare Room/ Guest Room | A room where guests sleep. |
| Toilet | A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC) |
| Utility Room | A room where appliances such as washing machines are used. |
In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
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Formal expressions:
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?
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The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Nia : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Owyedz?
Mrs. Owyendz: Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Nia : thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
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Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
A. In order to
1. Future tense “will”
a. To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.
Example= A: can you help me to do this home work?
B: of course, I will do it for you.
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When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
It is dangerous to play with fire.
It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
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A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
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News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
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Descriptive text is a text that draw or teil about something detail. The purpose of descriptive text to describe spesific thing or an object.
Generic structure :
Identification : Identify phenomenon to be describe
Description : Description in detail
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When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.
Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.
| Direct Speech | Þ | Indirect Speech |
| simple present He said, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | simple past He said (that) he went to school every day. |
| simple past He said, “I went to school every day.” | Þ | past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
| present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.” | Þ | past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
| present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.” | Þ | past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day. |
| past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.” | Þ | perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day, |
| future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.” | Þ | would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day. |
| future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.” | Þ | present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day. |
| past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day | ||
| Direct Speech | Þ | Indirect Speech |
| auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?” | Þ | simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school. |
| imperative He said, “Go to school every day.” | Þ | infinitive He said to go to school every day. |
| *Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below. |
| Direct Speech | Þ | Indirect Speech |
| simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day. |
| present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day. |
| past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.” | Þ | past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day. |
| past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. | ||
| future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.” | Þ | future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day. |
Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall
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Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.
There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
Umm....tMan jgn bosan"nya ya belajar b.inggris.
materi yang ini seperti mengingatkan kita pada pelajaran semester I yuuukkk mariii....
To invite someone :
• I would like you to …
• We would be pleased if you could …
• Would you like to …?
• Shall we …?
• How about …?
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Expression surprise is expression which someone when get a surprise.
Surprise can have valence. It can be neutral expression, pleasant or accordingly some would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion or every human.
Expressing surprise
• Here are some other expressions to show surprise.
Telling surprising news
Guess what!
Surprise!
I’ve got news, for you
Do you know what?
You won’t believe it!
Expressing surprise :
Wow! What a surprise!
That’s a surprise!
That’s very surprising!
Really?
What?
Are you serious? You must be joking!
You’re kidding!
Fancy that!
I must say it surprises me.
I find it hard to believe
Responding:
Yeah!
It is!
Yup!
Sure.
It’s true.
I’m serious.
No, I’m not.
It is.
Does it?
It is, isn’t it?
Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason.
Expressing disbelief
• Here are some sentences to express disbelief.
Asking if you believe it or not.
Do you believe it?
Wouldn’t you believe it?
Can you imagine that?
You don’t believe it, do you?
Don’t you think it’s odd that….?
Expressing disbelief:
* I don’t believe it.
* It can’t be true.
* I can’t think of it.
* I don’t trust you.
Responding to believe or not :
* No, I don’t believe it.
* Are you serious?
* Are you joking?
* Are you kidding?
* You must be joking/kidding!
* Oh, no! that’s not true!
* You don’t say!
* Seeing is believing.
* Really? That sounds interesting.
* Really? It’s surprising that.
* Good heavens
* My goodness!
* This is really a surprise!
Example conversation of expression surprise:
Nopli : Whose motorbike is that?
Dios : It’s Norman’s.
Nopli : Are you kidding me?
Dios : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that motorbike this morning.
Nopli : What a surprise!
Example conversation of expression
Putra : Do you still remember the boy we met yesterday?
Eka : Yes.
Putra : I can’t believe my eyes when I saw her riding a sport car this mornin
Eka : A sport car?
Putra : Yes. He looked gorgeous!
Eka : I don’t believe you. You must be dreaming.
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LAGIII...LAGII...LAGIII...
Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:
* I should like to express my gratitude
* Thank you very much
* Thanks for your help
* How can I thank you?
* I’m very grateful to you
* I can’t thank you enough
* I’m very much obliged to you.
Responding:
* It was the least I could do
* You’re welcome
* No big deal
* Don’t mention it
* It’s a pleasure
* That’s all right
* Any time
Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:
* Good grade!
* Nice work
* Excellent!
* Good job!
* You look great
* What a nice t-shirt
* I really must express my admiration for your dance
* You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:
* I must congratulate you
* Please accept my warmest congratulations
* I’d like to be first to congratulate you
* Congratulations on your success
* Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!
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E-PRIMBON YANG PERTAMA SUDAH SELESAI...
JADI INI YANG KEDUA DISAMBUNG AJA YA...
SELAMAT BELAJAR..
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